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Preface

This book on “Vocational Rehabilitation of Disabled in India, Principles & Practice” is an attempt to educate the present and future rehabilitation professionals in the area of vocational rehabilitation. Vocational Rehabilitation as a concept can be traced back to the First World War (1914 -1918), wherein the entire Europe and United States of America (USA) were involved. Several war veterans were injured but were skilled and available for bringing the country’s economy to keel. The Veterans’ Rehabilitation Act of 1920 of USA was the first in the modern times to utilize the services of the war disabled in reviving the country’s economy. This has been amended in due course to include other disabilities. The Department in the government of United States of America (USA) was named Veterans Rehabilitation Administration, later changed as Social & Rehabilitation Services (SRS) Administration and now known as Rehabilitation Services Administration. Internationally, it is a young profession. Such services are available in U.K., European countries, Japan, Singapore and other African and Asian countries. In India, the introduction of the field of vocational rehabilitation was in 1967, in the form of research projects in a few hospitals and also through two Vocational Rehabilitation Centres for the Physically Handicapped under Govt. of India (in 1968), assisted by the Dept. of Social & Rehabilitation Services of the United States Administration. On completion of the term, while the Hospitals converted them into regular units, the Govt. of India set up 19 more such Centres all over the Country in different States.The Author has been in the field of vocational training and vocational rehabilitation of persons with locomotor, hearing, visual and intellectual impairments since January, 1968 starting under a Hospital setup, and then entering Vocational Rehabilitation Centres of Govt. of India. He retired after supervising and providing professional and administrative guidance to VRCs

4 Vocational Rehabilitation of Disabled in India-Principles and Practice all over the Country and inter – ministerial interaction. Despite the Rehabilitation Council of India, a Statutory Body, having recognized this as a separate profession and including it in different syllabi for the different courses in rehabilitation, the Author has observed that there is no conceptual work based on Indian conditions in the field of vocational rehabilitation. The Author  with his wide exposure to the different categories of disabled and having met and learnt from the pwd and seen in person, the issues and tribulations faced by the disabled, considered it a mission to give the experience back to the disabled, so that they can gain from the experience of others. What better way could there be, than training the professionals in the techniques so that millions of disabled could be helped?

The Author has been sharing his experiences with the professionals belonging to the fields of social work, education, management and therapy of different disabilities. Some of those included in this effort are those papers presented in some National and International Seminars and some are based on the lectures prepared for interacting with the professionals/intended professionals.

While medical intervention, education and therapy are based on disability with the family and society playing a secondary role, vocational rehabilitation is rooted in the society with disability being one of the variables along with several others such as poverty, gender, caste, literacy and backwardness. Disability compounds the effect of these variables in myriad ways towards wage earning capacities for the persons afflicted.

The Vocational Rehabilitation Worker (VRW) should understand this shift in focus, when dealing with vocational rehabilitation and equip to provide all vocational services judiciously and professionally. The subjects discussed are therefore envisaged with components from diverse fields of psychology, special education, social work and business management. Some of these are concepts developed by the Author and theorized from the practical experience with the pwd with different disabilities and varied cultures and introducing innovative programs. As Head of different Vocational Rehabilitation Centres for the Handicapped in different parts of the country, the Author had the opportunity to experiment and succeed through these economic rehabilitation measures.

Some of them such as Outreach programs (1974 – Delhi), Skill development (1976 – Kanpur), Training of Employment Officers in Disabilities (1978 – Chennai) Employer Oriented Training (1980 – Chennai), adjustment training (1981 – Chennai), Exhibition of Manufactured Products helped through Self Employment – 1981) Homebound Employment (1982 – Trivandrum), Community Based Vocational Training (1988 – Ahmedabad), Rojgar Mela, (Employer – Job Seeker Meet – 1990 – Mumbai), Teaching vocational subjects, to the deaf (who took the subjects in lieu of languages) (1994 – Mumbai), Development of lexicon for “Signs for Tools” (1995 – Mumbai), Worker Education for the Deaf (1995 – Mumbai), Group Employment and Self Help Groups (2003 – Bangalore) and even self employment (1976 – Kanpur) or supported employment (1976 – Kanpur), setting up cooperatives (1983 – Trivandrum) were all new concepts at the time. Now they have become part and parcel of the delivery system in vocational rehabilitation. The author organized at least two functions, including cultural and sports activities, every year to bring in variety of leaders as part of advocacy. Organizing and selecting a Team of locomotor disabled to represent VRCs at the All India Cricket for the Disabled (1992 – 96) was one way of bringing well known cricketers and exposing the abilities of locomotor disabled. Now it is an annual affair.

It may also be seen that no mention of any particular disability has been made in this Book – deliberately – as in vocational rehabilitation it is the persons’ ability that counts and not any impairment or the resultant disability, the individual may face.

Different variables in the job, work, work environment and environment restructuring to help the pwd acquire vocational and employment skills and techniques of delivery of vocational rehabilitation – constitute the core component of this book.

The Author is not an Academician but a Practitioner. The Book contains Articles on different aspects of vocational rehabilitation. Almost all the techniques described in this book, have been practiced by the Author at some point or the other in his career. Some of them have failed while others have been extremely gratifying. The professional has to explore all choices in  vocational rehabilitation and may be more. This is not an academic exercise but sharing of experiences, tailored to the needs of a VRW. A conscious effort was made to avoid high sounding language without compromising on the professional terminology, as – for most of the courses recognized by the  Rehabilitation Council of India, School leaving certificate is the entry qualification (12 years of schooling).

Not all the measures and practices described may be required for the vocational rehabilitation of a pwd but all alternatives are explained to equip the VRW with different techniques to meet different needs of different persons for successful empowerment of pwd.

There is no literature available with focus on Vocational Rehabilitation in India. That is one of the reasons why not many specific references on bibliography are given and that is why the list of suggested Bibliography is limited and many are based in other countries. Acronyms, wherever used are designed to give quick and short cuts to commit to memory. Most of them are coined by the Author. Wherever it was by others, Bibliography gives credit to them. It is hoped more original material on Indian conditions are published for the benefit of the Vocational Rehabilitation Workers.

The Author hopes this small effort would help the professionals understand the concepts better and guide them to use with the different categories of disabled and help them serve the disabled through the future professionals.

As he enters his fiftieth year in the service of the disabled, this book is one more attempt to serve the disabled. The Book is dedicated to those thousands of persons with disabilities, who were the motivation for the Author to learn and practice proper vocational rehabilitation measures.

(Just as Fire knows the purity of the submitted gold, the discerning knows

the good and bad qualities of a book.)

The Author hopes the readers will critically examine the book and suggest

changes for future prints.

Narasimham Rayadurgam

(Consultant – Vocational Rehabilitation & Livelihood Programs)

Hyderabad

Contents

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Concept through colours

Chapter 1: Introduction to disability & rehabilitation

1.1 Introduction to disability for Vocational Rehabilitation

Workers

1.2 Responsibilities of a Vocational Rehabilitation Worker

1.3 Basic Concepts: Habilitation, rehabilitation and

vocational rehabilitation

1.4 Vocational Rehabilitation – Concept

Chapter 2: Transition & Evaluation

2.1 Transition from School to Work

2.2 Vocational Evaluation

2.3 Tools for Vocational Evaluation

2.4 Work Behaviour

Chapter 3: Job & Job Relates

3.1 Job Analysis

3.2 Job Identification

3.3 Job Identification Format

3.4 Occupation & NCO

3.5 Job Development

Chapter 4: Economic Rehabilitation

4.1 Individualized Vocational Plan

4.2 Employable Skills

4.3 Access to Work Place

4.4 Open Employment

4.5 Self-Employment

4.6 Self-Employment Inventory

4.7 Supported Employment

Chapter 5: Outreach & Advocacy

5.1 Advocacy

5.2 Community Based Vocational Training

5.3 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres for Handicapped (GOI)

5.4 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 – A brief

Annexure

A 1 Case Record of Evaluation & Rehabilitation

A 2 Suggested Readings